Volume 19 ; Issue 1 ; in Month : 2026 (2026) Article No : 137
Md. Javed Karim, Basit Fazal*

Abstract

Anemia, marked by reduced hemoglobin levels or red blood cell mass, poses a critical global health challenge—particularly across low- and middle-income countries. This project offers a comprehensive examination of anemia’s diverse etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentations, and preventive frameworks, with a particular emphasis on its high prevalence in India. Despite sustained public health efforts, anemia disproportionately affects children, adolescent girls, and pregnant women, largely due to nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, suboptimal diets, socioeconomic disadvantages, and limited access to care. The study explores key anemia types—iron-deficiency, megaloblastic, hemolytic, aplastic, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia—detailing their pathophysiology, morphological changes, clinical signs, and diagnostic protocols. It highlights the essential role of iron, folate, and vitamin B₁₂ in hematopoiesis and how their deficiencies amplify disease burden. Drawing on WHO and NFHS data, the project reveals significant regional disparities, especially in states like Bihar, where gender-based inequities and cultural factors intensify vulnerability. Beyond clinical concerns, the study addresses anemia’s broader socioeconomic impacts—linking untreated cases to impaired child development, lowered productivity, higher maternal mortality, and losses to national GDP.

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